MECHANISMS FOR FORMING AND IMPLEMENTING INVESTMENT POLICY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
This article provides a scientific and practical analysis of the mechanisms for the formation and implementation of investment policy of commercial banks. In particular, the role of banks’ investment activities in the development of the economy, the principles of investment portfolio formation, strategic and tactical aspects of its management are highlighted. Also, the types of investment portfolios, their characteristics in terms of profitability and risk level, and factors affecting the effectiveness of investment policy are considered in detail. The article develops scientific conclusions and practical proposals aimed at increasing the investment activity of commercial banks, diversifying the investment portfolio, and effectively managing financial risks.
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY BASED ON BUDGETING IN ENERGY ENTERPRISES (A FACTOR ANALYSIS CASE OF “HUDUDGAZTA’MINOT” JSC)
This article analyzes the importance of the strategic management system in ensuring the sustainable development of enterprises in a modern competitive environment and the role of budgeting in it. In particular, on the example of “Hududgaztaminot” JSC, the differences between the planned and actual results of the budget indicators for 2024 were studied based on a factor approach. The study assessed the effectiveness of budgeting in terms of financial, management and strategic criteria, and analyzed the level of reserve policy, financial stability and resource utilization through a system of indicators. Based on the results, it was determined that the enterprise achieved positive financial results through cost optimization.
PORTFOLIO OF POSTAL SERVICES AND THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ITS DIGITALIZATION
This article analyzes the structure of the service portfolio, the dynamics of regional service delivery, and digitalization efficiency indicators in the activities of Uzbekistan Post JSC based on the IMRAD approach. The empirical basis of the study includes service shares for 2020-2025 and regional and digital efficiency indicators for 2020-2024. The results indicate that traditional services — periodicals and written correspondence — still account for a significant share, while their long-term development potential remains relatively stable. At the same time, parcel delivery and digital services are emerging as promising directions. The decrease in the share of electronic operations from 14.36% in 2020 to 0.88% in 2024 highlights the need for further development of digital financial services within the system. Additionally, the customer satisfaction index increased from 86.47% to 97.40%, delivery speed improved by 40% in 2024, and the integral index reached 87.64% in 2023, confirming the positive outcomes of digitalization processes.
OPTIMIZING THE BALANCE BETWEEN LIQUIDITY AND CREDIT RISKS IN ENSURING BANKING STABILITY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the credit policy and the structure of financial liabilities of commercial banks in the Republic of Uzbekistan under modern economic reforms. The study is based on official statistical data from the Central Bank for 2023–2025, applying comparative analysis to examine the growth dynamics of bank liabilities, the expansion of the deposit base, and structural changes in the credit portfolio. Particular attention is given to optimizing the balance between liquidity and credit risks within the framework of international Basel III standards and contemporary academic approaches. The findings contribute to strengthening the financial resource base of the banking system and improving the risk management framework.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEPLOYMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article evaluates the economic efficiency of solar and wind energy in Uzbekistan through a comparative cost–benefit analysis with natural gas. The findings indicate that renewable energy sources are more cost-effective and sustainable in the long term compared to conventional fuels. Accordingly, expanding renewable energy capacity by 2030 is both economically viable and environmentally sound. The study also emphasizes the importance of gradually reducing fossil fuel subsidies, fostering private sector investment, and strengthening regional energy cooperation.
MODERN TRENDS AND EFFICIENCY OF LENDING TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the trends, structure, and efficiency of lending to agricultural producers in the Republic of Uzbekistan. An analytical review of the dynamics of credit investments in the agricultural sector is conducted, identifying the main factors affecting access to financial resources. Key challenges, such as high borrowing costs, production seasonality, insufficient collateral, and limited access to financing for small farmers, are highlighted. Proposals are developed to improve the efficiency of the lending system and to strengthen state support mechanisms.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND CRIME (CASE OF UZBEKISTAN)
This article analyzes the relationship between youth employment and crimes committed by young people in Uzbekistan. During the study, youth employment and crime indicators were examined based on statistical data from recent years. The results of the analysis show that despite the increase in youth employment, the level of crime has not decreased. This indicates that youth crime is not only related to employment but also to other social and economic factors.
PRIORITY DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF UZBEKISTAN’S FINANCIAL SYSTEM
This article analyzes the priority directions for improving the infrastructure of Uzbekistan’s financial system. The study examines the current state of the country’s financial sector, its main structural elements, and mechanisms aimed at increasing its efficiency. In addition, the importance of digitalization processes, expanding the accessibility of financial services, and institutional reforms is highlighted. The prospects for forming a stable and competitive financial infrastructure within the context of the national economy are scientifically assessed.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF INCREASING THE EXPORT CAPACITY OF THE REGION AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ITS APPLICATION IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the foreign experience of increasing the region’s export potential and the features of its application in the case of Surkhandarya region. The study comparatively studied the export development models of South Korea, Germany, Singapore and China. Based on statistical data, the dynamics of the region’s foreign trade, export structure and geographical directions were assessed. The results showed that in 2025, the export volume reached 507.5 million US dollars, and vegetable and fruit products were the leaders in the product structure. Based on foreign experience, institutional support, logistics infrastructure and a cluster approach were identified as important factors.
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
This article analyzes the institutional approach to waste management and its economic efficiency. The study examines institutional mechanisms operating in the field of waste management, including regulatory and legal frameworks, public-private partnerships, economic incentive instruments, and modern management approaches. In addition, scientific and practical conclusions aimed at increasing the economic efficiency of the waste management system are developed.
PRIORITIES FOR IMPROVING THE HEALTHCARE FINANCING SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines strategic directions for improving healthcare financing mechanisms in Uzbekistan through an economic and institutional perspective. The purpose of the study is to assess the current financing structure, identify fiscal and organizational constraints, compare national reforms with global trends, and develop policy-oriented recommendations for strengthening financial sustainability, efficiency and equity in healthcare. The methodology combines systematic analysis, comparative institutional analysis, economicstatistical interpretation, structural analysis, SWOT analysis, trend analysis and benchmarking against selected international financing models. The empirical basis includes data from WHO, the World Bank, OECD, the Asian Development Bank, Uzbekistan’s Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of Health, National Statistics Committee and legal documents available through Lex.uz. The findings indicate that despite the growth of budgetary allocations, Uzbekistan still faces high out-of-pocket expenditure, regional inequalities, insufficient linkage between financing and service outcomes, and limited provider autonomy. The article argues that resultsbased financing, gradual expansion of state health insurance, strategic purchasing, preventive care financing, digital expenditure monitoring and transparent regional allocation formulas are essential for improving human capital and long-term economic growth.
LOSS MANAGEMENT MATRIX (LOSS MANAGEMENT MATRIX) MODEL IN POWER GRID ENTERPRISES
The article develops the “Loss Management Matrix” (LMM) model, which integrates internal control and financial incentive systems based on accounting and audit data in order to reduce losses in electric grid enterprises. The study highlights mechanisms for monitoring, analyzing losses, and evaluating key performance indicators (KPIs) based on corporate governance principles, the “Three Lines of Defense” internal control model, and the RIIO–ED2 approach. In addition, the significance of the proposed model in improving management efficiency and optimizing losses in electric grid enterprises is substantiated.
MICROPROJECTS AS A MEANS OF INCREASING THE FINANCIAL ACTIVITY AND LITERACY OF THE POPULATION
This article examines microprojects as a practical tool for enhancing the financial activity and financial literacy of the population. Microprojects are analyzed as a mechanism for developing citizens’ skills in planning personal and household finances, making rational use of bank loans and their own financial resources, launching income-generating activities, fulfilling credit obligations, and using digital financial services. Based on data on microprojects implemented across the Republic of Uzbekistan, the study evaluates their regional distribution, financing structure, role in job creation, and impact on financial literacy. The findings indicate that microprojects serve as an important institutional instrument for strengthening citizens’ economic initiative, promoting conscious financial decision-making, and developing a culture of using banking services.
INSTITUTSIONAL VA TEXNOLOGIK O‘ZGARISHLAR SHAROITIDA INNOVATSION BANK XIZMATLARINI JORIY ETISH METODOLOGIYASINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Mazkur maqolada institutsional va texnologik o‘zgarishlar sharoitida innovatsion bank xizmatlarini joriy etish metodologiyasini takomillashtirish masalalari tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqot davomida innovatsion bank xizmatlarining rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi asosiy omillar tahlil qilingan hamda ularning samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan metodologik yondashuvlar ishlab chiqilgan. Shuningdek, bank va fintex subyektlari o‘rtasidagi hamkorlikni rivojlantirish, raqamli infratuzilmani takomillashtirish hamda mijozlarning moliyaviy savodxonligini oshirish bo‘yicha takliflar ilgari surilgan.
PROBLEMS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL CLUSTERS IN THE LIGHT INDUSTRY OF UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes the current state and problems of formation and development of regional clusters in the light industry of Uzbekistan. As a result of cluster policy, the number of cotton-textile clusters and employment in the sector have grown substantially, and the country has acquired the capacity to fully process its cotton fiber domestically. The regional analysis indicates that Fergana, Kashkadarya, and Namangan regions occupy leading positions. At the same time, clusters face such problems as a high level of commercial debt denominated in foreign currency, a low level of certification, regional imbalance, and a decline in export prices. The establishment of the Light Industry Development Agency is assessed as an important institutional response; recommendations for addressing the existing problems have been developed.
DIGITAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION AS A DRIVER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM GLOBAL TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EMERGING ECONOMIES
This article examines how digital financial inclusion contributes to sustainable development in emerging economies. The study focuses on the relationship between account ownership, digital payments, gender inclusion, and broader development outcomes linked to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing on secondary data from the World Bank Global Findex, the IMF Financial Access Survey, IMF analytical work on fintech, and UNCTAD reports on inclusive digitalization, the article analyzes recent global trends and identifies key policy implications. The results show that account ownership and digital payments have expanded substantially over the past decade, particularly in developing economies. Nevertheless, persistent gaps in usage intensity, gender equality, digital infrastructure, and institutional quality constrain the broader development impact of fintech. The article concludes that digital financial inclusion must be embedded within a comprehensive enabling environment to advance SDG-linked outcomes effectively.
PROPERTIES OF HEAVY CONCRETE DISPERSEDLY REINFORCED WITH NONMETALLIC FIBERS AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CALCULATING CONCRETE STRUCTURES BASED ON THEM
This article investigates the physical and mechanical properties of heavy concrete reinforced with non-metallic dispersed fibers, as well as the specific features involved in calculating concrete structures based on such materials. The study analyzes the influence of various types of non-metallic fibers, including polymer, basalt, and glass fibers, on the strength characteristics, crack resistance, and deformation properties of concrete. In addition, the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete under loading conditions is substantiated through both experimental and theoretical approaches. The paper also highlights the factors that should be considered in the design and calculation of such concrete structures, which differ from conventional calculation methods. These factors include the volume fraction of fibers, their interaction with the concrete matrix, and the characteristics of stress distribution within the material. The obtained results possess both scientific and practical significance for the effective application of non-metallic fibers in concrete and for improving the durability and reliability of building structures.
THE EFFECT OF STABLE AND DYNAMIC PRICING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
This article empirically examines the impact of stable and dynamic pricing models on consumer behavior. The findings show that a stable pricing model strengthens consumer trust and brand loyalty, whereas a dynamic pricing model increases short-term purchase intentions. The study substantiates the importance of balancing long-term and short-term factors when developing a pricing strategy.
ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
This article analyzes the main economic mechanisms for improving production efficiency in industrial enterprises. In modern industry, efficiency is determined not only by the acquisition of new equipment or an increase in production volumes, but also by labor productivity, multifactor productivity, energy efficiency, management quality, digital transformation, innovation renewal, and human capital development. Recent materials published by the OECD and UNIDO indicate that productivity growth depends on both the incentives and capabilities of firms and employees, while industry remains an important driver of long-term economic growth. The article substantiates technological modernization, organizational and managerial practices, human capital, energy and resource efficiency, innovation, and investment incentives as interconnected economic mechanisms.
PEDAGOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING POLITICAL SCIENCE AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article examines the pedagogical effectiveness of using artificial intelligence technologies in teaching political science at higher education institutions. The study is based on recent international guidelines and emerging discipline-specific evidence. UNESCO’s guidance on generative AI in education emphasizes human-centered use, privacy protection, and pedagogically grounded integration, while OECD materials argue that AI should be treated both as a tool for learning and as a subject of learning. Research conducted in political science and international relations classrooms demonstrates that AI can support conceptual clarification, formative writing assistance, simulation-based learning, and student engagement. However, it also raises serious concerns regarding academic integrity, over-reliance, source criticism, and the weakening of independent analytical reasoning. The article argues that pedagogical effectiveness is determined not by the mere presence of AI, but by the quality of instructional design, assessment architecture, teacher mediation, and students’ critical AI literacy. On this basis, the article proposes key methodological directions for the effective and responsible integration of AI into political science teaching in higher education.
IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATING NON-STANDARD EMPLOYMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESSES
This article examines the improvement of the organizational and economic mechanism for regulating non-standard forms of employment in small business development. The study substantiates the need for legal, economic, institutional, and social regulation of platform-based, remote, seasonal, temporary, and self-employment forms in the context of Uzbekistan. Based on statistical data for 2019–2024, regulatory documents, international experience, and survey results among small business entities, the main weaknesses of the current regulatory mechanism are identified. As a result, a six-component organizational and economic model is proposed, covering the legal framework, digital registration, tax regulation, social protection, skills development, and monitoring.
FACTORS AFFECTING TAX PAYMENT SYSTEMS, EXISTING PROBLEMS, AND THEIR CAUSES
This article analyzes the economic efficiency of the tax payment system, the factors affecting it, and the existing structural problems within the system. The study examines the distribution of the tax burden by sector, the causes of the shadow economy, and the economic consequences of tax incentives. Based on statistical data, the dynamics of budget revenues and the importance of digitalizing tax administration are substantiated. Finally, scientific proposals and recommendations for improving the tax system and expanding the tax base are put forward.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES IN REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS IN UZBEKISTAN: AN ECONOMETRIC APPROACH
This article analyzes the effectiveness of environmental taxes in reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Uzbekistan using econometric methods. Based on panel data covering the period 2000–2023, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Granger causality test were applied. The research findings indicate that a 1 percent increase in the share of environmental tax revenues in GDP leads to a 0.43 percent reduction in CO₂ emissions in the long run. At the same time, industrial production and population income levels were found to have a significant impact on emissions. As policy recommendations, the study proposes the gradual introduction of a carbon tax and the provision of tax incentives for green investments.
URBAN PLANNING OF TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE HUBS NEAR TUBERCULOSIS CARE FACILITIES IN UZBEKISTAN
In the context of intensive urbanization and the large-scale development of transport infrastructure in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the issue of urban planning for transport hubs (THs) located in close proximity to tuberculosis care facilities is becoming increasingly relevant. The construction of new metro lines, BRT systems, and multimodal transport hubs in Tashkent and regional centers significantly increases passenger flows and may contribute to epidemiological risks associated with the aerosol transmission of tuberculosis. The aim of this study is to develop scientifically grounded urban planning principles, models, and recommendations for the placement and integration of transport hubs with tuberculosis care facilities while ensuring a balance between transport accessibility, infection safety, and sustainable urban development. The research methodology includes GIS modeling, comparative analysis, calculation of risk zones, field surveys of facilities in Tashkent and other regions of Uzbekistan, as well as an assessment of the current regulatory framework. The study identified notable epidemiological risks associated with the unregulated proximity of transport hubs to tuberculosis hospitals and dispensaries. The authors proposed three practical models of spatial organization (“isolation,” “buffer,” and “integrated with enhanced biosafety”), together with recommendations regarding sanitary protection zone dimensions, functional zoning, architectural and planning solutions, and engineering infrastructure. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying the obtained results to the adjustment of the Tashkent General Plan through 2045, the design of new transport hubs, and the improvement of sanitary-epidemiological standards and urban planning regulations. The proposed solutions are aimed at simultaneously improving access to medical services for patients, reducing the risks of intracity tuberculosis transmission, and increasing the efficiency of investments in transport and healthcare infrastructure.
WAYS TO DEVELOP QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE SILK INDUSTRY OF UZBEKISTAN’S ECONOMY
This article discusses the essence and theoretical foundations of quality management in the context of a market economy, as well as the importance of its development in the sericulture sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The authors present proposals and recommendations aimed at implementing effective quality management practices in the national sericulture industry. The study examines issues related to improving the Quality Management System (QMS) in sericulture, which is considered one of the strategic sectors of Uzbekistan’s economy. Furthermore, the article analyzes the role of international standards in transforming the industry from a supplier of raw materials into a producer of competitive finished products
STATE OF LENDING TO SMALL BUSINESS PROJECTS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS AND ITS ECONOMICSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS
This article provides an economic and statistical analysis of the current state of small business project lending by commercial banks. The research examines the composition and dynamics of the loan portfolio, as well as changes in loan types over the years. Furthermore, existing problems in the lending mechanism were identified, and scientifically based proposals and recommendations were developed for the implementation of innovative risk assessment models and the improvement of the financing system.
CONCEPTUAL DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE MECHANISMS OF ENSURING FINANCIAL STABILITY IN ENTERPRISES
This article explores the issues of improving the mechanisms for ensuring the financial stability of enterprises in the context of economic transformation, using the example of the “Toshshahartrans” enterprise. During the study, the capital structure of the enterprise, the ratio of equity and debt funds, as well as financial independence coefficients were analyzed for the period 2023–2025. The article develops conceptual directions for increasing financial stability and provides scientific and practical proposals for capital optimization and risk minimization
ORGANIZATION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN NON-STATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This thesis examines the current issues of organizing management accounting in non-state higher education institutions (HEIs) based on responsibility centers and operational segments, as well as the mechanisms for consolidating information flows and the prospects for implementing modern costing methods. Empirical data were analyzed on the basis of financial indicators from several non-state higher education institutions in Uzbekistan.
THE NATURE AND ESSENCE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN MASS MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS
This article examines the content and essence of digital transformation processes in media enterprises. The study distinguishes between digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation, and analyzes their organizational, economic, technological, and managerial significance for media companies. Particular attention is paid to the transition of media enterprises to a multi-platform model, changes in content production and distribution mechanisms, the use of audience data, digital monetization, and revenue diversification. The findings show that digital transformation in media enterprises is not limited to technological modernization; rather, it represents a comprehensive restructuring of the business model, editorial processes, and financial management system.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ALGORITHMS FOR RECOVERING MISSING (NAN) VALUES IN INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA
This article investigates the problem of identifying and recovering missing (NaN) values in information system data and examines their influence on analytical results. During the research process, artificial missing values with different proportions were generated based on a complete dataset and subsequently restored using statistical and machine-learning-based imputation methods. The effectiveness of each algorithm was evaluated using error metrics obtained through comparison with the original ground-truth values. The obtained results made it possible to determine the efficiency of different methods depending on the structure of the data and to establish a methodological basis for selecting optimal approaches in the intelligent analysis of information system data. The findings of the study contribute positively to improving data quality and enhancing the reliability of analytical processes
ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT IN MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES
This article examines the competitiveness of an enterprise in the market, the effectiveness of its market-oriented policy, the policy of moving goods in the market, pricing policy and its analysis, analysis of product distribution policy, the policy of moving goods in the market, the complexity of potential consumer behavior, and the development of human resources
IMPROVING LOAN PORTFOLIO QUALITY AND CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS
This study examines the mechanisms for improving loan portfolio quality and managing credit risk in commercial banks under modern financial market conditions. The research focuses on analyzing the impact of non-performing loans, capital adequacy, credit monitoring systems, and risk assessment mechanisms on banking stability and operational efficiency. Using econometric and comparative analysis methods, the study evaluates the effectiveness of modern credit risk management tools, including credit scoring systems, Basel III standards, digital monitoring technologies, and artificial intelligence-based risk analysis. The findings indicate that improving loan portfolio diversification, strengthening credit monitoring systems, and implementing digital risk management mechanisms significantly reduce credit losses and enhance financial stability in commercial banks. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that banks utilizing automated risk assessment and real-time monitoring systems achieve higher forecasting accuracy and better portfolio performance compared to traditional banking approaches. Based on the research findings, practical recommendations are proposed for strengthening loan portfolio quality and enhancing credit risk management systems in commercial banks
INNOVATION CAPABILITIES AND EXPORT PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF SUPPLY CHAIN INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION — EVIDENCE FROM UZBEKISTAN
A firm may demonstrate consistent innovation activity yet still encounter difficulties in expanding its export potential. This paper examines this paradox by analyzing how innovation capabilities influence export performance through two mediating mechanisms: supply chain innovation and entrepreneurial orientation. Drawing on empirical studies and official data from Uzbekistan’s export sector (2025), the study addresses the following research question: Do supply chain innovation and entrepreneurial orientation jointly mediate the positive relationship between innovation capabilities and export performance in Uzbek firms? The findings provide an affirmative answer and demonstrate that these two mechanisms complement and reinforce one another. The paper develops a conceptual framework, presents supporting analytical evidence, and outlines practical implications for managers and policymakers in the context of Central Asian emerging economies.
ADAPTING INTERNAL AUDIT STANDARDS IN BUDGET ORGANIZATIONS TO PUBLIC PROCUREMENT PRACTICES
This article examines the adaptation of internal audit standards to public procurement practices in budget organizations. The study analyzes the specific features of the public procurement process, including needs identification, planning, preparation of tender documentation, bid evaluation, contract award, execution, and monitoring from the perspective of internal audit standards. The article argues that general internal audit standards should be aligned with the legal, financial, and performance-related criteria inherent in public procurement activities. The literature review highlights scholarly approaches linking internal audit with procurement performance, internal controls, consistency with international standards, performance auditing, and the strengthening of the advisory role of audit. The practical findings show that effective adaptation of internal audit standards to procurement practice is achieved through three main components: the evidence base, control points, and monitoring of recommendation implementation. The study also concludes that internal audit in public procurement should not be limited to compliance verification only, but should also encompass value for money, transparency, objectivity, and risk management. The article finally substantiates that, for budget organizations, the most appropriate approach is an adapted hybrid internal audit model combining compliance, control, performance, and advisory functions
ECONOMETRIC EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY IN KHOREZM REGION
This study examines the issues of improving the investment climate and enhancing the effectiveness of attracting investments in the Khorezm region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The research employs economic analyses based on methods of scientific abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Currently, numerous agreements have been signed in the country regarding the promotion and protection of foreign investments. The main objectives of state policy for improving the investment climate and related proposals are presented.
PRACTICES IN ENTERPRISE COST STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
Managing enterprise cost structures involves analyzing and optimizing the proportion of fixed and variable expenses in order to improve financial performance. This study examines current cost management practices in manufacturing enterprises and proposes statistical methods for identifying inefficiencies. The primary objective of the research is to develop effective approaches for reducing production costs and increasing operating profit margins. By applying quantitative analysis, including regression modeling and financial ratio assessment, the study evaluates the impact of overhead cost allocation on overall profitability. The findings indicate that adopting activity-based costing methods and optimizing variable cost ratios can increase operating profit by up to 15 percent. In addition, the study provides an empirical analysis of local enterprise financial data and offers practical recommendations for implementing advanced cost-monitoring systems. The conclusions obtained are valuable for developing efficient and sustainable corporate financial strategies in competitive economic environments
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MODERN RECLAMATION AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES ON SALINE SOILS IN KARAKALPAKSTAN
The article analyzes the scientific and practical aspects of applying modern reclamation and GIS technologies to saline soils in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The causes, scale, and consequences of soil salinization are described, while the impact of drip and subsurface irrigation on soil properties is evaluated. In addition, the possibilities of using geographic information systems for salinity monitoring are outlined. The article also substantiates state programs aimed at developing reclamation activities in Uzbekistan and identifies priority directions for Karakalpakstan.
ISSUES REGARDING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “TOLLING OPERATIONS” MODULE IN THE GOODS MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNDER THE CUSTOMS TERRITORY PROCESSING REGIME
This study examines the issues of improving the system for managing the movement of goods under the customs regime of processing within the customs territory. In particular, the possibilities of digitalizing tolling operations and managing them through a unified information system are analyzed. The research scientifically substantiates the opportunities for ensuring transparent monitoring of the movement of raw materials and finished products, improving resource efficiency, and automating customs control through the implementation of the “Tolling Operations” module. In addition, the study highlights the reduction of the human factor, the acceleration of data exchange processes, and the creation of additional conveniences for participants in foreign economic activity through the practical application of the module. The research findings are of significant importance for the digital transformation of customs administration and the optimization of logistics processes.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MARKETING IN ENHANCING TOURISM-RELATED BUSINESSES IN UZBEKISTAN
The paper examines the potential of digital marketing as an instrument for improving the economic development of tourism-related businesses in Uzbekistan. With the rapid digitalisation of the economy, more and more tourism companies are switching from conventional marketing approaches to innovative technologies in order to remain competitive in the global environment. Various digital marketing instruments are studied in this context, such as social media, SEO techniques, influencer marketing, and content personalisation. A quantitative research methodology was used in the current study; thus, data were gathered through a questionnaire administered to a random sample of tourists who had visited Uzbekistan. It has been found that a significant share of tourists uses digital channels intensively to search for tourism-related services while making decisions about their destination. In addition, social networks and influencers play a considerable role in shaping tourists’ behaviour and preferences.
INTERNATIONAL TRENDS OF DIGITALIZATION IN CUSTOMS MANAGEMENT
This article analyzes contemporary international trends in the digitalization of customs management, including artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain technology, big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Single Window systems. The study is based on empirical evidence from the World Customs Organization (WCO), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank Group. The findings indicate that, since the implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), global trade has increased by more than USD 230 billion, while average trade costs have decreased by 1–4%. Customs processing time at the Kenya–Tanzania border was reduced by 87%. The article examines the economic efficiency of digital customs, key technological development areas, successful country experiences, including China, South Korea, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates, and provides practical recommendations for developing economies.
THE ROLE OF TAX POLICY IN THE TRANSITION TO A GREEN ECONOMY
This article analyzes the role of tax policy in the transition to a green economy, using Uzbekistan as a case study. Pigou’s theory of externalities and the double dividend concept serve as the theoretical framework, complemented by a comparative analysis of the experiences of Sweden, Germany, and Kazakhstan. The article concludes with a three-stage policy recommendation framework.
RECONCEPTUALIZING BUSINESS INCUBATORS IN STARTUP ECOSYSTEMS: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
This study conceptualizes business incubators as pivotal institutional actors within startup ecosystems and examines their evolving role in supporting innovation-driven entrepreneurship. The study employs a qualitative conceptual approach that combines systematic literature analysis, comparative evaluation, and theoretical synthesis. The analysis explores the functional roles of business incubators, their interaction mechanisms with startups, and their evolutionary development within entrepreneurial support infrastructures. Building on established theoretical perspectives, including institutional theory, the resource-based view, ecosystem theory, and network theory, the study develops a multidimensional framework that systematizes the role of business incubators across key functional domains. In addition, a theoretical matrix is proposed to map core incubator functions to corresponding scientific perspectives, enabling a more structured interpretation of their systemic impact. The findings contribute to a more integrated understanding of business incubators as hybrid institutional mechanisms that simultaneously operate as resource providers, knowledge intermediaries, and ecosystem coordinators. This study advances the academic literature by proposing a consolidated conceptual model that clarifies the position of business incubators within startup ecosystems and highlights their role in facilitating innovation-driven development.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MARKETING APPROACHES TO CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN RETAIL ENTERPRISES
This article examines modern marketing approaches to customer relationship management in retail enterprises. The study analyzed the theoretical and practical aspects of digital marketing tools, an omnichannel service model, personalized recommendation systems, and loyalty programs. The importance of CRM systems in the process of digital transformation was substantiated using the example of the Uzbek retail market. The effectiveness of data-driven management, customer segmentation, and omnichannel integration was highlighted using the example of the Uzum and Korzinka enterprises. The results of the study showed that the use of a single customer profile, personalized marketing, and digital ecosystems can increase customer loyalty and the competitiveness of retail enterprises.
MECHANISMS FOR EVALUATING AND IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SECTOR
This article analyzes the mechanisms for assessing and improving the effectiveness of marketing strategies in the public transport sector. During the study, the impact of service quality, digital payment systems, pricing policy and marketing communications on passenger flow was studied. The dynamics of the development of the Tashkent city public transport system in 2020-2024 was assessed based on statistical data. The results of the analysis showed that digital services, electronic payment systems and infrastructure modernization influenced the increase in passenger flow and the level of service utilization. A multi-level model for assessing marketing effectiveness was developed and scientific recommendations were formulated for transport enterprises on the development of service quality, customer loyalty and digital communications.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYDRODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL RISE ON URBAN WATERLOGGING
This article presents a systematic analysis of the hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical aspects of groundwater level rise contributing to the waterlogging of urban areas. The study applies a differentiation approach based on the hierarchical organization of systems and characteristic zones, examining the influence of salt and water migration on the urban ecological environment. The degree of certainty of hydrogeological structures and their principal causal factors are investigated, while the transformation processes of groundwater under urban conditions are comprehensively described. Systemic factors determining the susceptibility of territories to waterlogging, as well as specific taxonomic units and criteria for geochemical classification, are also developed. The article establishes a scientific basis for managing hydrodynamic processes aimed at mitigating waterlogging problems in residential areas. The research findings are of considerable importance for improving urban planning practices and environmental monitoring systems. During the study, the dynamics of salt and water migration were analyzed using the equation proposed by S.F. Averyanov, enabling the determination of groundwater mineralization levels and corrosive properties. Through the application of differentiation methods across characteristic zones and the identification of systemic susceptibility factors, the study develops a geochemical classification and taxonomic criteria for modified groundwater. These findings provide a scientific foundation for planning land reclamation measures aimed at improving the urban ecological environment and protecting building foundations from sulfate corrosion.